Since the late 1980s, state policymakers have implemented K−12 fiscal accountability systems aimed at monitoring school district finances and intervening in moments of fiscal distress. While several studies have examined the extreme case of state fiscal takeover within these systems, few have studied the implications of early fiscal interventions aimed at preventing district insolvency and takeover. Using state fiscal accountability data on early fiscal intervention in California and a differences-in-differences approach, I fill this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between early fiscal intervention, district expenditures, and student academic outcomes. My results indicate that school districts respond to early intervention by cutting both operational and capital expenditures, with cuts to operational functions distributed across expenditures in instruction, pupil support services, and general administration. Further, I find that early fiscal intervention results in declines in academic performance for students in English language arts and mathematics, with these declines concentrated disproportionately within racially minoritized and economically disadvantaged student subgroups. I draw on the results to inform potential reforms to early fiscal intervention practices and K-12 fiscal accountability systems.

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